Content: 0:00 Introduction 0:45 Topography of Kidney 1:16 Functions of Kidneys 3:37 External Structures 4:30 Coverings of the Kidneys 6:26 Internal Structures of Kidneys 9:36 Renal Lobe – Nephron ——————————- ——————————- Topography of the Kidney: – Right Kidney is lower than the left kidney – Both start at T12 – Left one Ends at L2 and the Right end at L3 Functions of Kidneys: – Plasma Filtration ○ Through Nephron – Excretion of waste productions – Acid-Base Homeostasis – Hormone Production – Vitamin D Metabolism External Structures: – 120-200 grams – 10-13 cm Long – 5-6 cm wide – 4 cm thick – Inferior pole (Extremitas Inferior) – Superior Pole Extremitas Superior) has suprarenal gland on it – Lateral Bordner (Margo Lateralis) – Medial Border (Margo Medialis) ○ Hilum of Kidney (Hilum Renalis) Coverings of the Kidneys: – Fibrous Capsule (Capsula Fibrosa) – Perinephric Fat (Capsula Adiposa) – Renal Fascia (Fascia Renalis) ○ Anterior Layer § Prerenal Layer (Lamina Prerenalis) § Fascia of Toldt ○ Posterior Layer § Retrorenal Layer (Lamina Retrorenalis) § Fascia of Zuckerkandl ○ Fuse Laterally ○ Peritoneum Internal Structures: – Sinus Renalis – Renal Sinus Fat – Renal Pelvis (Pelvis Renalis) – Renal Calyces (Calyces Renalis) – Renal Medulla (Medulla Renalis) ○ Renal Pyramids (Pyramides Renales) ○ Renal Lobes (Lobi Renales) ○ The base of the Renal Pyramids ○ The apex of the Renal Pyramids ○ Renal Papilla (Papillae Renales) ○ Renal Medullary Rays (Radii Medullares) ○ Loop of Henle and Collecting duct ○ Openings of Papillary Ducts (Foramina Papillaria) – Renal Cortex (Cortex Renalis) ○ 4-11 mm thick ○ Renal Columns (Columna Renalis) ○ Has Renal Corpuscle, Proximal Convoluted tube, and Distal convoluted tube – Minor Renal Calyces (Calyx renales Minor) – Major Renal Calyces (Calyx Renales Major) Renal Lobe – Nephron: – Renal Corpuscle (Corpusculum Renis) ○ Glomerulus ○ Afferent Arteriole (Vas Afferens) ○ Efferent Arteriole (Vas Efferens) ○ Glomerular Capsule (Capsula Glomeruli) – Proximal Convoluted Tube (Tubulus Proximalis) ○ Convoluted Part ○ Straight Part – Loop of Henle (Ansa Nephroni)*** ○ Ascending Part ○ Descending Part – Distal Convoluted Tube (Tubulus Distalis) – Collecting Duct (Ductus Colligentes) – Papillary Duct (Ductus Papillares) – Opening of Papillary Duct (Foramina papillaria) Sources used in this video: – Memorix Anatomy 2nd Edition by Hudák Radovan (Author), Kachlík David (Author), Volný Ondřej (Author) – Complete Anatomy by 3d4medical – Biorender – University notes and lectures